Instrumentation Engineering

Coulomb's Law, Electric Field Intensity, Electric Flux Density, Gauss's Law, Divergence, Electric field and potential; Effect of dielectric medium, Capacitance; Biot-Savart's law, Ampere's law, Curl, Faraday's law, Lorentz force, Inductance, Magnetomotive force, Reluctance, Magnetic circuits.

Voltage and current sources; Kirchhoff's laws; Mesh and nodal analysis; Superposition, Thevenin's, Norton's and Maximum power transfer theorems; Transient analysis of RLC circuits with dc excitation. Single phase transformers; DC machines; Single phase and Three phase induction motors; Synchronous machines.

Periodic, aperiodic and impulse signals; Laplace, Fourier and z-transforms; Transfer function, frequency response of first and second order linear time invariant systems, impulse response of systems; Convolution, correlation. Discrete time system: impulse response, frequency response, pulse transfer function; DFT; Basics of IIR and FIR filters.

Feedback principles, signal flow graphs, transient response, steady-state-errors, Bode plot, phase and gain margins, Routh and Nyquist criteria, root loci, design of lead, lag and lead-lag compensators, state-space representation of systems; time-delay systems; mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic system components, synchro pair, servo and stepper motors, servo valves; on-off, P, PI, PID, cascade, feedforward, and ratio controllers.

Characteristics and applications of diode, Zener diode, BJT and MOSFET; small signal analysis of transistor circuits, feedback amplifiers. Characteristics of ideal and practical operational amplifiers; applications of opamps; single and multi-vibrator circuits; precision rectifiers, oscillators; voltage reference circuits; power supplies: ripple removal and regulation.

Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions. IC families: TTL and CMOS. Arithmetic circuits, comparators, Schmitt trigger, multi-vibrators, sequential circuits, flipflops, shift registers, timers and counters; sample-and-hold circuit, multiplexer, analog-to-digital (successive approximation, integrating, flash and sigma-delta) and digital-to-analog converters (weighted R, R-2R ladder and current steering logic). Characteristics of ADC and DAC (resolution, quantization, significant bits, conversion/settling time); basics of number systems, Microprocessor and microcontroller applications, memory and input-output interfacing; basics of data acquisition systems.

SI units, standards (R, L, C, voltage, current and frequency), systematic and random errors in measurement, expression of uncertainty - accuracy and precision index, propagation of errors. PMMC, MI and dynamometer type instruments; dc potentiometer; bridges for measurement of R, L and C, Q-meter. Measurement of voltage, current and power in single and three phase circuits; true rms meters; instrument transformers; time, phase and frequency measurements; digital voltmeter and digital multimeter; oscilloscope.

Resistive, capacitive, inductive, piezoelectric, Hall effect sensors and associated signal conditioning circuits; transducers for industrial instrumentation: displacement (linear and angular), velocity, acceleration, force, torque, vibration, shock, pressure (including low pressure), flow (variable head, variable area, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, turbine and open channel flow meters) temperature (thermocouple, bolometer, RTD, thermistor, pyrometer and semiconductor); liquid level, pH, conductivity and viscosity measurement.

Amplitude- and frequency modulation and demodulation; Shannon's sampling theorem; pulse code modulation; frequency and time division multiplexing, amplitude-, phase-, frequency-, quadrature amplitude, pulse shift keying for digital modulation. Optical sources and detectors: LED, laser, photo-diode, light dependent resistor, square law detectors and their characteristics; interferometer: applications in metrology; basics of fiber optic sensing.